Shivam Sharma

Service meshes like Istio and Linkerd automate mTLS between pods — issuing certificates, rotating them, and encrypting traffic without application code changes. Here's how it works and where it breaks.

Key generation is the most critical moment in a key's lifecycle — weak generation undermines everything built on top. Here's how to generate keys securely across different environments and what mistakes to avoid.

FIPS 140-3 replaced 140-2 for cryptographic module validation. Here's what changed, what the security levels mean, and a practical guide to achieving FIPS compliance for your cryptographic infrastructure.

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) brings PKI under version control — declaring certificates, CAs, and trust configurations as code. Here's how to manage PKI with Terraform, Ansible, and GitOps, and where IaC and certificates conflict.

PKI hierarchy depth determines security, scalability, and operational complexity. Here's when to use 1-tier, 2-tier, or 3-tier designs, what each costs operationally, and where hierarchy choices create long-term pain.

Integrating code signing into CI/CD pipelines ensures every build artifact is signed without manual intervention. Here's how to do it securely, where to store signing keys, and what goes wrong in automated signing.

Code signing certificates are X.509 certificates with Extended Key Usage for code signing. Here's the difference between standard and EV certificates, what CAs require, and how certificate requirements have changed.

Encryption transforms data mathematically. Tokenization replaces it with a random substitute. Here's when each approach is better, how they affect PCI DSS scope, and why most organizations need both.

PKI trust models define how entities establish and verify trust. Here's how hierarchical, mesh, bridge, and web-of-trust models work, where each is used, and what breaks when trust assumptions fail.

Zero trust eliminates network-based trust. Certificates provide the cryptographic identity that replaces it. Here's how PKI enables zero trust, what architecture patterns work, and where implementations fail.